Peptide antigen because is too small and does not produce significant immune response, so you need to peptide antigen coupling to the KLH (Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin), BSA (Bovine Serum Albumin) and OVA (Ovalbumin) protein carrier.

   KLH in ELISA and Western blotting test no inhibition to does not affect the test results. Common coupling principle is maleic imide theory, cysteine residues in the polypeptide and carrier protein coupling. Therefore synthetic antigenic peptides, by adding one and a half between the N side or C cystine residues is advantageous to the peptide coupled with carrier protein.

In general, and polypeptide protein coupling condition is as follows:

◆ Cys on thiol (-SH) can be coupling reaction (recommended)

◆ Or have a protection amino and carboxyl (free)